C Language - get formatted data form stdin , scanf()

scanf

function

<cstdio>

int  scanf ( const char * format, ... );

Read formatted data from stdin
Reads data from stdin and stores them according to the parameter format into the locations pointed by the additional arguments. The additional arguments should point to already allocated objects of the type specified by their corresponding format tag within the format string.

Parameters

format

C string that contains one or more of the following items:

• Whitespace character: the function will read and ignore any whitespace characters (this includes blank spaces and the newline and tab characters) which are encountered before the next non-whitespace character. This includes any quantity of whitespace characters, or none.
• Non-whitespace character, except percentage signs (%): Any character that is not either a whitespace character (blank, newline or tab) or part of a format specifier (which begin with a % character) causes the function to read the next character from stdin, compare it to this non-whitespace character and if it matches, it is discarded and the function continues with the next character of format. If the character does not match, the function fails, returning and leaving subsequent characters of stdin unread.
• Format specifiers: A sequence formed by an initial percentage sign (%) indicates a format specifier, which is used to specify the type and format of the data to be retrieved from stdin and stored in the locations pointed by the additional arguments. A format specifier follows this prototype:
  
  %[*][width][modifiers]type
  
  where:
  
  

  *	An optional starting asterisk indicates that the data is to be retrieved from stdin but ignored, i.e. it is not stored in the corresponding argument.
  width	Specifies the maximum number of characters to be read in the current reading operation
  modifiers	Specifies a size different from int (in the case of d, i and n), unsigned int (in the case of o, u and x) or float (in the case of e, f and g) for the data pointed by the corresponding additional argument: h : short int (for d, i and n), or unsigned short int (for o, u and x) l : long int (for d, i and n), or unsigned long int (for o, u and x), or double (for e, f and g) L : long double (for e, f and g)
  type	A character specifying the type of data to be read and how it is expected to be read. See next table.

  
  scanf type specifiers:

  type	Qualifying Input	Type of argument
  c	Single character: Reads the next character. If a width different from 1 is specified, the function reads width characters and stores them in the successive locations of the array passed as argument. No null character is appended at the end.	char *
  d	Decimal integer: Number optionally preceded with a + or - sign.	int *
  e,E,f,g,G	Floating point: Decimal number containing a decimal point, optionally preceded by a + or - sign and optionally folowed by the e or E character and a decimal number. Two examples of valid entries are -732.103 and 7.12e4	float *
  o	Octal integer.	int *
  s	String of characters. This will read subsequent characters until a whitespace is found (whitespace characters are considered to be blank, newline and tab).	char *
  u	Unsigned decimal integer.	unsigned int *
  x,X	Hexadecimal integer.	int *

additional arguments

The function expects a sequence of references as additional arguments, each one pointing to an object of the type specified by their corresponding %-tag within the format string, in the same order. For each format specifier in the format string that retrieves data, an additional argument should be specified. These arguments are expected to be references (pointers): if you want to store the result of a fscanf operation on a regular variable you should precede its identifier with the reference operator, i.e. an ampersand sign (&), like in:

int n; scanf ("%d",&n);

Return Value

On success, the function returns the number of items successfully read. This count can match the expected number of readings or fewer, even zero, if a matching failure happens.
In the case of an input failure before any data could be successfully read, EOF is returned.

Example

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/* scanf example */ #include <stdio.h> int main () { char str [80]; int i; printf ("Enter your family name: "); scanf ("%s",str); printf ("Enter your age: "); scanf ("%d",&i); printf ("Mr. %s , %d years old.\n",str,i); printf ("Enter a hexadecimal number: "); scanf ("%x",&i); printf ("You have entered %#x (%d).\n",i,i); return 0; }

This example demonstrates some of the types that can be read with scanf:
Enter your family name: Soulie
Enter your age: 29
Mr. Soulie , 29 years old.
Enter a hexadecimal number: ff
You have entered 0xff (255).